75.080 (Petroleum products in general); 75.100 (Lu 标准查询与下载

ASTM D7578-15 石油产品和润滑剂元素分析校准要求的标准指南

5.1 Crude oil, petroleum, petroleum products, additives, biofuels, and lubricants are routinely analyzed for their elemental content such as chlorine, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and various metals using a variety of analytical techniques. Some of these methods require little to no method calibration; some others require only simple one step calibration; while others require elaborate calibration routine before the product is analyzed for its elemental content. 5.2 Fairly often it can be shown that the round robin results by a co-operator are all biased with respect to those from other laboratories. Presumably, the failure to follow good laboratory practices and instructions in the test methods can be a causal factor of such errors. A further consequence is an unnecessarily large reproducibility estimate or the data being dropped from the study as an outlier. 5.2.1 Another cause of such discrepancies could be different or inadequate calibration practice used in the laboratory. Most test methods spell out the calibration requirements but often do not quote the frequency required letting the laboratories use good laboratory practices for this task. Thus, uniform practice for instrument calibration would be beneficial in standardizing the test procedures and obtaining consistent results across the laboratories. 5.3 Committee D02 has already issued standard practices for uniform sample preparation (D7455), standard operating procedures for ICP-AES (D7260) and XRF (D7343) as well as standard quality assurance protocol (D6792). This guide should be considered as a continuing effort on behalf of this subcommittee to achieve standardized practices in all parts of an analytical sequence. 1.1 This guide covers different ways by which the test methods used for elemental analysis of petroleum product and lubricant samples are calibrated before the sample analysis. 1.2 Uniform practice for test method calibration is beneficial in standardizing the procedures, and obtaining consistent results across different laboratories. 1.3 This guide includes only the basic steps for generally encountered instrument types. Anything out of the ordinary may require special procedures. See individual test methods for instructions to handle such situations. 1.4 This guide is not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the actual test method to be used, caveats it contains, and additional instrument preparation that may be required. 1.5 The user should not expand the scope of the test methods to materials or concentrations outside the scope of the test methods being used. 1.6 This guide should also be applicable to sample preparation of non-petroleum based bio-fuels for elemental analysis. Work is underway on these aspects in Subcommittee D02.03. As more information becomes available, it will ......

Standard Guide for Calibration Requirements for Elemental Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D5505-14 再循环乳化剂分类的标准实施规程

3.1 Recycling of deteriorated asphalt pavements is being used as a routine method of maintenance and rehabilitation. Utilization of existing materials as the major component of this procedure may yield benefits in quality, economy, and preservation of natural resources. Recycling takes many forms; hot, cold, in-situ, central plant and surface. This practice may be used for various recycling methods. 3.2 This practice describes emulsified recycling (ER) agents as belonging to three groups; ER-1, ER-2, and ER-3 as shown in Table 1. The range of recycling methods demands several emulsified recycling agents. The groups should provide adequate freedom of selection for most recycling methods. 3.2.1 ER-1 is a material whose main function is to rejuvenate aged asphalt. The material is a petroleum derivative, and highly compatible with asphalts. It is classified by viscosity. 3.2.2 ER-2 and ER-3 are materials that combine rejuvenators and asphalt components in one emulsified asphalt. These soft residues are classified by low temperature penetration after aging. They are typically used in recycling where there is an increased demand for asphalt as when new aggregates are added, or where immediate cohesiveness is desired. 3.3 The choice of ER will be determined by the properties of the asphalt binder in the aged pavement, the methods of recycling planned, the amount, if any, of new aggregates, and other design needs. 1.1 This practice identifies emulsified petroleum products that may be used as recycling agents in recycled mixes. These materials are classified by viscosity or by low temperature penetration after aging. 1.2 This practice addresses emulsified materials designed specifically for use in recycling. The use of emulsified materials for recycling shall not be limited to this practice. For instance, the emulsified asphalts specified in Specifications D977 and D2397 may be used. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents

ASTM D7876-13 采用石油产品和润滑剂原子光谱元素测定的微波加热法(无论有无事先灰化)进行试验分解的标准实施规程

5.1 Often it is necessary to dissolve the sample, particularly if it is a solid, before atomic spectroscopic measurements. It is advantageous to use a microwave oven for dissolution of such samples since it is a far more rapid way of dissolving the samples instead of using the traditional procedures of dissolving the samples in acid solutions using a pressure decomposition vessel, or other means. 5.2 The advantage of microwave dissolution includes faster digestion that results from the high temperature and pressure attained inside the sealed containers. The use of closed vessels also makes it possible to eliminate uncontrolled trace element losses of volatile species that are present in a sample or that are formed during sample dissolution. Volatile elements arsenic, boron, chromium, mercury, antimony, selenium, and tin may be lost with some open vessel acid dissolution procedures. Another advantage of microwave aided dissolution is to have better control of potential contamination in blank as compared to open vessel procedures. This is due to less contamination from laboratory environment, unclean containers, and smaller quantity of reagents used (9). 5.3 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory devices, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular device. 5.4 Mechanism of Microwave Heating—Microwaves have the capability to heat one material much more rapidly than another since materials vary greatly in their ability to absorb microwaves depending upon their polarities. Microwave oven is acting as a source of intense energy to rapidly heat the sample. However, a chemical reaction is still necessary to complete the dissolution of the sample into acid mixtures. Microwave heating is internal as well as external as opposed to the conventional heating which is only external. Better contact between the sample particles and the acids is the key to rapid dissolution. Thus, heavy nonporous materials such as fuel oils or coke are not as efficiently dissolved by microwave heating. Local internal heating taking place on individual particles can result in the rupture of the particles, thus exposing a fresh surface to the reagent contact. Heated dielectric liquids (water/acid) in contact with the dielectric particles generate heat orders of magnitude above the surface of a particle. This can create large thermal convection currents which can agitate and sweep away the stagnant surface layers of dissolved solution and thus, expose fresh surface to fresh solution. Simple microwave heating alone, however, will not break the chemical bonds, since the proton energy is less than the strength of the chemical bond (5). 5.4.1 In the electromagnetic irradiation zone, the combination of the acid solution and the electromagnetic radiation results in near complete dissolution of the inorganic constituents in the carbonaceous solids. Evidently, the electromagnetic energy promotes the reaction of the acid with the inorganic constituents thereby facilitating the dissolution of these constituents without destroying any of the carbonaceous material. It is believed that the electromagnetic radiation serves as a source of intense energy which rapidly heats the acid solution and the internal as well......

Standard Practice for Practice for Sample Decomposition Using Microwave Heating (With or Without Prior Ashing) for Atomic Spectroscopic Elemental Determination in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D7873-13e1 120℃不含水的加抑制剂涡轮油的氧化稳定性和不溶形成40;干TOST法41的标准试验方法

5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions. 5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established. 5.3 Oxidation condition at 1208201;°C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service. 1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth). 1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 958201;°C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120deg;C Without the Inclusion of Water 40;Dry TOST Method41;

ASTM D6792-13 石油产品和润滑剂测试实验室中质量体系的标准实施规程

4.1 A petroleum products and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality system in a laboratory. 1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D6299.Note 1—This practice is based on the quality management concepts and principles advocated in ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9000 standards, ISO/IEC 17025, ASQ Manual,2 and ASTM standards such as D3244, D4182, D4621, D6299, D6300, E29, E177, E456, E548, E882, E994, E1301, E1323, STP 15D,3 and STP 1209.4 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories

ASTM D1744-13 使用卡尔费歇尔试剂测定液态石油产品中水分的标准试验方法

4.1 Knowledge of the water content of petroleum products can be useful to predict quality and performance characteristics of the product. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of water in the concentration from 50 to 1000 mg/kg in liquid petroleum products. 1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent

ASTM D7873-13 120℃不含水的加抑制剂涡轮油的氧化稳定性和不溶形成40;干TOST法41的标准试验方法

5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions. 5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established. 5.3 Oxidation condition at 1208201;°C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service. 1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth). 1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 958201;°C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120?deg;C Without the Inclusion of Water 40;Dry TOST Method41;

ASTM D4057-12 石油和石油产品的手工抽样标准操作规程

4.1 Samples of petroleum and petroleum products are obtained for many reasons, including the determination of chemical and physical properties. These properties may be used for: calculating standard volumes; establishing product value; and often safety and regulatory reporting. 4.2 There are inherent limitations when performing any type of sampling, any one of which may affect the representative nature of the sample. As examples, a spot sample provides a sample from only one particular point in the tank, vessel compartment, or pipeline. In the case of running or all-level samples, the sample only represents the column of material from which it was taken. 4.3 Based on the product, and testing to be performed, this practice provides guidance on sampling equipment, container preparation, and manual sampling procedures for petroleum and petroleum products of a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid state, from the storage tanks, flowlines, pipelines, marine vessels, process vessels, drums, cans, tubes, bags, kettles, and open discharge streams into the primary sample container. 1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment for manually obtaining samples of liquid petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container are described. Procedures are also included for the sampling of free water and other heavy components associated with petroleum and petroleum products. 1.2 This practice also addresses the sampling of semi-liquid or solid-state petroleum products. 1.3 This practice provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling. 1.4 This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). 1.5 The procedures described in this practice may also be applicable in sampling most non-corrosive liquid industrial chemicals provided that all safety precautions specific to these chemicals are followed. Also, refer to Practice E300. The procedures described in this practice are also applicable to sampling liquefied petroleum gases and chemicals. Also refer to Practices D1265 and D3700. The procedure for sampling bituminous materials is described in Practice D140. Practice D4306 provides guidance on sample containers and preparation for sampling aviation fuel. 1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. USC units are reflected in parentheses. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

ASTM D7260-12 石油产品和润滑剂的元素分析的感应耦合等离子体-原子发散光谱法 (ICP-AES) 的识别, 校正和最优化的标准实施规程

Accurate elemental analysis of petroleum products and lubricants is necessary for the determination of chemical properties, which are used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry is one of the more widely used analytical techniques in the oil industry for multi-element analysis as evident from at least twelve standard test methods (for example, Test Methods C1111, D1976, D4951, D5184, D5185, D5600, D5708, D6130, D6349, , D7040, D7111, D7303, and D7691) published for the analysis of fossil fuels and related materials. These have been briefly summarized by Nadkarni. The advantages of using an ICP-AES analysis include high sensitivity for many elements of interest in the oil industry, relative freedom from interferences, linear calibration over a wide dynamic concentration range, single or multi-element capability, and ability to calibrate the instrument based on elemental standards irrespective of their elemental chemical forms, within limits described below such as solubility and volatility assuming direct liquid aspiration. Thus, the technique has become a method of choice in most of the oil industry laboratories for metal analyses of petroleum products and lubricants.1.1 This practice covers information on the calibration and operational guidance for the multi-element measurements using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Validation of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for Elemental Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D974-12 用颜色指示剂滴定法测定酸碱值的标准测试方法

New and used petroleum products can contain basic or acidic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titrating with acids or bases. This number, whether expressed as acid number or base number, is a measure of this amount of acidic or basic substances, respectively, in the oilalways under the conditions of the test. This number is used as a guide in the quality control of lubricating oil formulations. It is also sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service; however, any condemning limits must be empirically established. Since a variety of oxidation products contribute to the acid number and the organic acids vary widely in corrosive properties, the test cannot be used to predict corrosiveness of an oil under service conditions. No general correlation is known between acid number and the corrosive tendency of oils toward metals. Compounded engine oils can and usually do have both acid and base numbers in this test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of acidic or basic constituents (Note 1) in petroleum products and lubricants soluble or nearly soluble in mixtures of toluene and isopropyl alcohol. It is applicable for the determination of acids or bases whose dissociation constants in water are larger than 10−9; extremely weak acids or bases whose dissociation constants are smaller than 10−9 do not interfere. Salts react if their hydrolysis constants are larger than 10−9. Note 18212;In new and used oils, the constituents considered to have acidic characteristics include organic and inorganic acids, esters, phenolic compounds, lactones, resins, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. Similarly, constituents considered to have basic properties include organic and inorganic bases, amino compounds, salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. Note 28212;This test method is not suitable for measuring the basic constituents of many basic additive-type lubricating oils. Test Method D4739 can be used for this purpose. 1.2 This test method can be used to indicate relative changes that occur in an oil during use under oxidizing conditions. Although the titration is made under definite equilibrium conditions, the method does not measure an absolute acidic or basic property that can be used to predict performance of an oil under service conditions. No general relationship between bearing corrosion and acid or base numbers is known. Note 38212;Oils, such as many cutting oils, rustproofing oils, and similar compounded oils, or excessively dark-colored oils, that cannot be analyzed for acid number by this test method due to obscurity of the color-indicator end point, can be analyzed by Test Method D664. The acid numbers obtained by this color-indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D664, the base numbers obtained by this color indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method

Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration

ASTM D7776-12 石油产品和润滑油检测实验室质量体系实践的自我评估的标准指南

This guide can be used to evaluate the performance of a laboratory with regards to its adherence to established laboratory quality practices for the essential elements of managing a well-performing laboratory. The suggested scoring system can be used to identify the laboratory areas which need improvement in performance. The assessment guide (Table 1) should be adjusted or modified to reflect the specific laboratory quality system that the laboratory follows. This guide is based on Practice D6792. 5.3 Similar but more generic schemes can be found in other ASTM standards such as Guide E548, E882, E994, and E1323. But this guide is the first one to attempt a numerical evaluation for the petroleum products and lubricants testing laboratories in the oil industry. TABLE 1 Laboratory Assessment Guide to Good Laboratory Practices Note 18212;When the sampling is within the control of the laboratory, documents other than quoted above may detail the sampling process (not only ASTM). For example, company procedures. These should be assessed as well to check compliance to industry standards and then to ensure the laboratory complies with these procedures. Note 28212;Samples, when received by the laboratory from customers, should question the integrity of the sample and make some reference on the final test report to the fact that tests were completed on samples as received. If sample container was not appropriate, a similar caveat should be included. Instruction/procedure on how to deal with these situations should be documented and the laboratory assessed against it. Note 38212;In-house instructions/operating procedures also need to be assessed where used/written for each test method. NumberIssueCommentMaximum Score 1.0 PERSONNEL & TRAINING 1.1 Is there an organization chart available for the lab? / 5 1.2 Is there a management approved policy, directive, endorsement or the like for the goals and operations of the laboratory? / 10 1.3 Are job descriptions provided for all laboratory associates?/ 5

Standard Guide for Self-Assessment of Quality System Practices in Petroleum Products and Lubricant Testing Laboratories

ASTM D5291-10(2015) 石油产品和润滑剂中碳 氢和氮的仪器测定的标准测试方法

4.1 This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants. 4.2 Carbon, hydrogen, and particularly nitrogen analyses are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method. The CHN results can be used to estimate the processing and refining potentials and yields in the petrochemical industry. 4.3 The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance. Some petroleum products also contain naturally occurring nitrogen. Knowledge of hydrogen content in samples is helpful in addressing their performance characteristics. Hydrogen to carbon ratio is useful to assess the performance of upgrading processes. 1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen. 1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 mass % to 87 mass % for carbon, at least 9 mass % to 16 mass % for hydrogen, and <0.1 mass % to 2 mass % for nitrogen. 1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light materials or those containing <0.75 mass % nitrogen, or both, such as gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, diesel fuel, or chemical solvents. 1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 mass % nitrogen in lubricants could be determined. 1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels. 1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D5291-09 石油产品和润滑剂中碳 氢和氮的仪器测定的标准测试方法

This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants. Carbon, hydrogen, and particularly nitrogen analyses are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method. The CHN results can be used to estimate the processing and refining potentials and yields in the petrochemical industry. The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance. Some petroleum products also contain naturally occurring nitrogen. Knowledge of hydrogen content in samples is helpful in addressing their performance characteristics. Hydrogen to carbon ratio is useful to assess the performance of upgrading processes.1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen. 1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 to 87 mass % for carbon, at least 9 to 16 mass % for hydrogen, and <0.1 to 2 mass % for nitrogen. 1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light materials or those containing <0.75 mass % nitrogen, or both, such as gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, diesel fuel, or chemical solvents. 1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 mass% nitrogen in lubricants could be determined. 1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels. 1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D1250-08(2013) 石油计量表使用的标准指南

4.1 The expanded limits of API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD) are defined in a mixture of terms of customary and metric units. Table 1 shows the defining limits and their associated units in bold italics. Also shown in Table 1 are the limits converted to their equivalent units (and, in the case of the densities, other base temperatures). 4.2 Note that only the precision levels of the defining values shown in Table 1 are correct. The other values showing converted units have been rounded to the significant digits shown; as rounded values, they may numerically fall just outside of the actual limits established by the defining values. 4.3 Table 2 provides a cross-reference between the historical table designations and the corresponding section in API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD). Note that procedure paragraphs 11.1.6.3 (U.S. customary units) and 11.1.7.3 (metric units) provide methods for correcting on-line density measurements from live conditions to base conditions and then to compute CTPL factors for continuous volume corrections to base conditions. 4.4 When a glass hydrometer is used to measure the density of a liquid, special corrections must be made to account for the thermal expansion of the glass when the temperature is different from that at which the hydrometer was calibrated. The 1980 CTL Tables had generalized equations to correct glass hydrometer readings, and these corrections were part of the printed odd-numbered tables. However, detailed procedures to correct a glass hydrometer reading are beyond the scope of API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD). The user should refer to the appropriate sections of API MPMS Chapter 9 or other appropriate density/hydrometer standards for guidance. 4.5 The set of correlations given in API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD) is intended for use with petroleum fluids comprising either crude oils, refined products, or lubricating oils that are single-phase liquids under normal operating conditions. The liquid classifications listed here are typical terms used in the industry, but local nomenclature may vary. The list is illustrative and is not meant to be all-inclusive. 4.6 Crude Oils—A crude oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Crude Oils if its density falls in the range between approximately –10°API to 100°API. Crude oils that have been stabilized for transportation or storage purposes and whose API gravities lie within that range are considered to be part of the Crude Oil group. Also, aviation jet B (JP-4) is best represented by the Crude Oil correlation. 4.7 Refined Products—A refined product is considered to conform to the commodity group of Generalized Refined Products if the fluid falls within one of the refined product groups. N......

Standard Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables

ASTM D974-08 用颜色指示剂滴定法测定酸碱值的标准试验方法

New and used petroleum products can contain basic or acidic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titrating with acids or bases. This number, whether expressed as acid number or base number, is a measure of this amount of acidic or basic substances, respectively, in the oil—always under the conditions of the test. This number is used as a guide in the quality control of lubricating oil formulations. It is also sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service; however, any condemning limits must be empirically established. Since a variety of oxidation products contribute to the acid number and the organic acids vary widely in corrosive properties, the test cannot be used to predict corrosiveness of an oil under service conditions. No general correlation is known between acid number and the corrosive tendency of oils toward metals. Compounded engine oils can and usually do have both acid and base numbers in this test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of acidic or basic constituents (Note 1) in petroleum products and lubricants soluble or nearly soluble in mixtures of toluene and isopropyl alcohol. It is applicable for the determination of acids or bases whose dissociation constants in water are larger than 10−9; extremely weak acids or bases whose dissociation constants are smaller than 10−9 do not interfere. Salts react if their hydrolysis constants are larger than 10−9. Note 18212;In new and used oils, the constituents considered to have acidic characteristics include organic and inorganic acids, esters, phenolic compounds, lactones, resins, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. Similarly, constituents considered to have basic properties include organic and inorganic bases, amino compounds, salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. Note 28212;This test method is not suitable for measuring the basic constituents of many basic additive-type lubricating oils. Test Method D 4739 can be used for this purpose. 1.2 This test method can be used to indicate relative changes that occur in an oil during use under oxidizing conditions. Although the titration is made under definite equilibrium conditions, the method does not measure an absolute acidic or basic property that can be used to predict performance of an oil under service conditions. No general relationship between bearing corrosion and acid or base numbers is known. Note 38212;Oils, such as many cutting oils, rustproofing oils, and similar compounded oils, or excessively dark-colored oils, that cannot be analyzed for acid number by this test method due to obscurity of the color-indicator end point, can be analyzed by Test Method D 664. The acid numbers obtained by this color-indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 664, the base numbers obtained by this color indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 4739, but they are generally of the same order of magnitude. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4

Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration

ASTM D1159-07(2012) 电势滴定法测量石油馏出物和商用脂肪族烯烃的溴值的标准试验方法

The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315°C (600°F). The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials: 1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327°C (626°F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits: 90 % Distillation Point, °C (°F)Bromine Number, max2 Under 205 (400)175 205 to 327 (400 to 626) 10 1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins. Note 18212;These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers. 1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1. 1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific wa......

Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

ASTM D1159-07 用电势滴定法测量石油馏出物和商业脂肪族烯烃的溴值用标准试验方法

The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315°C (600°F). The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D 86) under 327176;C (626176;F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:90 % Distillation Point, 176;C (176;F)Bromine Number, max2Under 205 (400)175 205 to 327 (400 to 626)101.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.Note 18212;These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D 2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D 2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D 1492 or D 5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.

Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

ASTM D974-07 用颜色指示剂滴定法测定酸碱值的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of acidic or basic constituents (Note 1) in petroleum products and lubricants soluble or nearly soluble in mixtures of toluene and isopropyl alcohol. It is applicable for the determination of acids or bases whose dissociation constants in water are larger than 10-9; extremely weak acids or bases whose dissociation constants are smaller than 10-9 do not interfere. Salts react if their hydrolysis constants are larger than 10-9.Note 18212;In new and used oils, the constituents considered to have acidic characteristics include organic and inorganic acids, esters, phenolic compounds, lactones, resins, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. Similarly, constituents considered to have basic properties include organic and inorganic bases, amino compounds, salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, salts of heavy metals, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents.Note 28212;This test method is not suitable for measuring the basic constituents of many basic additive-type lubricating oils. Test Method D 4739 can be used for this purpose.1.2 This test method can be used to indicate relative changes that occur in an oil during use under oxidizing conditions. Although the titration is made under definite equilibrium conditions, the method does not measure an absolute acidic or basic property that can be used to predict performance of an oil under service conditions. No general relationship between bearing corrosion and acid or base numbers is known.Note 38212;Oils, such as many cutting oils, rustproofing oils, and similar compounded oils, or excessively dark-colored oils, that cannot be analyzed for acid number by this test method due to obscurity of the color-indicator end point, can be analyzed by Test Method D 664. The acid numbers obtained by this color-indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 664, the base numbers obtained by this color indicator test method need not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 4739, but they are generally of the same order of magnitude.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration

ASTM D6792-07 石油产品和润滑剂测试实验室中质量体系的标准实施规程

A petroleum products and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality system in a laboratory.1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D 6299.Note 1This practice is based on the quality management concepts and principles advocated in ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9000 standards, ISO/IEC 17025, ASQ Manual, and ASTM standards such as D 3244, D 4182, D 4621, D 6299, D 6300, E 29, E 177, E 456, E 548, E 882, E 994, E 1301, E 1323, STP 15D, and STP 1209.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories

ASTM D1250-07 石油测量表使用标准指南

1.1 The API MPMS Chapter 11.1-2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250-04 (ADJD1250CD) for temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalized crude oils, refined products, and lubricating oils, provides the algorithm and implementation procedure for the correction of temperature and pressure effects on density and volume of liquid hydrocarbons. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) are excluded from consideration. The combination of density and volume correction factors for both temperature and pressure is collectively referred to in the standard/adjunct(s) as a Correction for Temperature and Pressure of a Liquid (CTPL). The temperature portion of this correction is termed the Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid (CTL), also historically known as VCF (Volume Correction Factor). The pressure portion is termed the Correction for the effect of Pressure on Liquid (CPL). As this standard will be applied to a variety of applications, the output parameters specified in this standard/adjunct(s) (CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL) may be used as specified in other standards.1.2 Including the pressure correction in API MPMS Chapter 11.1-2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250-04 (ADJD1250CD) represents an important change from the "temperature only" correction factors given in the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables. However, if the pressure is one atmosphere (the standard pressure) then there is no pressure correction and the standard/adjunct(s) will give CTL values consistent with the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables.1.3 API MPMS Chapter 11.1-2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250-04 (ADJD1250CD) covers general procedures for the conversion of input data to generate CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL values at the user specified base temperature and pressure ( Tb, Pb). Two sets of procedures are included for computing volume correction factor: one set for data expressed in customary units (temperature in F, pressure in psig); the other for the metric system of units (temperature in C, pressure in kPa or bar). In contrast to the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables, the metric procedures require the procedure for customary units be used first to compute density at 60176;F. This value is then further corrected to give the metric output. The metric procedures now incorporate the base temperature of 20176;C in addition to 15176;C.1.4 The procedures recognize three distinct commodity groups: crude oil, refined products, and lubricating oils. A procedure is also provided for determining volume correction for special applications where the generalized commodity groups' parameters may not adequately represent the thermal expansion properties of the liquid and a precise thermal expansion coefficient has been determined by experiment.

Standard Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables